Coercive federalism has shown great continuity since the late 1960s, as characterized by a shift of federal aid from places to persons, policy conditions and earmarks attached to federal aid, preemptions, federal encroachments on state taxation, federalization of state criminal law, defunct intergovernmental institutions, reduced federal-state cooperation within major intergovernmental programs, and federal court litigation. However, unfunded federal mandates and federal court orders mandating major state institutional change have become less prevalent. State policy activism remains vigorous, but the U.S. Supreme Court's state-friendly federalism jurisprudence has stalled since 2002.
Title
State-federal relations: Defense, demography, debt, and deconstruction as destiny
Kincaid, J. 2005. "State-federal relations: Defense, demography, debt, and deconstruction as destiny." In The Book of the States, 2005. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, pp. 25-30.