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Abstract:
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Coercive federalism has shown great continuity since the late 1960s, as characterized by a shift
of federal aid from places to persons, policy conditions and earmarks attached to federal aid,
preemptions, federal encroachments on state taxation, federalization of state criminal law, defunct
intergovernmental institutions, reduced federal-state cooperation within major intergovernmental
programs, and federal court litigation. However, unfunded federal mandates and federal court
orders mandating major state institutional change have become less prevalent. State policy activism
remains vigorous, but the U.S. Supreme Court's state-friendly federalism jurisprudence has stalled
since 2002. |